Readme & Quickstart

Analysis of the di-muon events from CMS open data aimed at resolving and fitting the upsilon resonances’ masses as a function of their transverse momentum.

The software is distributed under the GNU GPLv3 license and requires Python 3 and PyROOT.

This analysis is based on this article (arXiv) and is originally intended to be used with this dataset.

Usage

The simplest way is to run the package. Command-line options can be listed by

python3 -m upsilon_analysis --help

Event selection

The events in the dataset are selected by applying the following cuts:

  • the event must have exactly two opposite-charge muons;
  • each muon must must pass the quality cuts (can be skipped):
    • eta must be less than 1.6, pt more than 3 GeV;
    • if eta is less than 1.4, pt must be more than 3.5 GeV;
    • if eta is less than 1.2, pt must be more than 4.5 GeV;
  • the invariant mass of the dimuon system must be between 8.5 and 11.5 GeV;
  • the rapidity of the dimuon system must be less than 1.2 (configurable);
  • the pt of the dimuon system must be between 10 and 100 GeV (configurable);

Binning

The selected events are binned by the resonance’s rapidity y; y limits and number of bins can be selected via command-line arguments. An extra bin including all the events within y limits is always produced.

Within each y bin, the events are binned by the resonance’s transverse momentum pt; again, limits and bin width can be selected via command-line arguments. An extra bin including all the events within pt limits is always produced. At higher pt the bins are automatically grown wider to account for the smaller number of occurrences (see the documentation of pt_bin_edges() for details).

Fitting

In the end a 2D histogram in y and pt is made; for each of its bins an histogram of the invariant mass distribution is made (number of bins can be set via command-line arguments; range is fixed to 8.5-11.5 GeV). This distribution is fitted with the sum of three gaussians (for the resonances) plus a 1st order polynomial (for the background). The number of occurrences of each resonance is computed from the gaussians’ parameters (see get_gaus_parameters()).

Since the pole masses of the upsilon resonances are known, their fitted masses can be used as goodness-of-fit statistics besides chi-squared / degrees of freedom. It is expected that, in some bins, the resonances will be impossible to resolve due to the lower signal to noise ratio (particularly at high pt).

The histograms and the fitted functions are plotted and saved in mass_histos.pdf in the output directory. The results of the fits are saved in the fit_results.csv file. The easiest way to reopen it in ROOT is

TTree fitResults;
fitResults.ReadFile("fit_results.csv");

ROOT will deduce the column names from the first line, all columns will be floats (which is the intended result).

If you use the API yourself, saving the PDF is optional, and saving the CSV has to be done manually (see print_fit_results()).

Differential cross sections

For each y bin the differential cross section dσ/dpt (times the branching ratio to μμ) is computed from the fitted numbers of occurrences of each resonance. A graph of dσ/dpt vs pt is produced by using the pt bins: the number of occurrences in each bin is divided by the width of the bin; this quantity is proportional to dσ/dpt, and the real value can be obtained dividing by the integrated luminosity times the efficiency time the acceptance.

The functions build_cross_section_hist() and build_cross_section_graph() actually allow to specify the integrated luminosity and the efficiency/acceptance (the latter either globally or per y-pt bin), and there are command-line arguments for exploting this feature (see below).

Not all the fitted values are used: if the fitted mass of a resonance is different from the known mass (from PDG) by more than a certain delta the fit is discarded (for all the resonances, as it might alter the background estimate). The command-line argument --max-mass-delta can be used to control this behavior (see command help for default value).

Also a consistency check is performed: the fitted number of resonance events must be non-negative for the three resonances, and the sum must be less than the number of events. This helps excluding bad fits.

The graphs are plotted and saved to cross_section_plots.pdf.

Note: this part of the analysis is implemented in the __main__.py, so it is not a part of the API (but can be used as example).

Efficiency

While the integrated luminosity is a constant, the efficiency/acceptance may depend on pt. To take this into account, the command-line argument --efficiency-table is provided, which allows to specify a CSV file with the following columns:

  • y_min and y_max: the limits of the y bin in which the efficiency is computed;
  • pt_min and pt_max: the limits of the pt bin in which the efficiency is computed;
  • eff_y1, eff_y2 and eff_y3: the computed efficiencies for muon pairs with the resonances’ invariant mass.

The bins in the CSV must, of course, match those of the fits. Roundoff errors might need to be taken into account as the bins are matched by the == operator.

If this infomation is provided, the dσ/dpt in each bin is divided by the efficiency given for that bin, thus allowing to compute an unbiased estimate of the dσ/dpt vs pt function, or the real dσ/dpt vs pt if the luminosity is also provided via the --luminosity command line argument.

Testing

The easiest way to run the tests is to use

python3 -m tests

For testing some of the core functions (build_dataframe, book_histograms) a small dataset (47 KiB) is used. It is in the tests folder, and consists of the first 1000 events of this one.

Also pytest is supported.